Dramatic Irony In The Age Of Innocence

Dramatic Irony In The Age Of Innocence Dramatic irony occurs when the reader is aware of past or future events that make it easy to recognize the contradiction in a characters speech or actions. This essay will explore how and to what effect the literary technique of dramatic irony has been used in portraying the main issue of discord between characters and their respective societies in the novels The Age of Innocence and The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton. This conflict is both external and internal. At times the society disapproves of the behaviour of the individual and ostracizes the person or displays its displeasure, while at other times the character is in a dilemma whether to listen to the public opinion or the voice of his or her own mind. This will be done through a thorough literary examination of the works in question, and also by the reading of critics and Whartons own writings on her two novels. Wharton uses characters speech and actions, narrators comments and the events of the two novels to create dramatic irony. This helps in the conveyance of key themes, characterization, plot progression and providing a window into two different societies of upper class New York in the late 1800s. Introduction Novels of manners allow the reader to delve into the worlds of contemporary cultures, providing a far more enriching experience than factual research. Edith Whartons works are attractive for their vividly descriptive prose and mildly derisive view of the societies/ cultures depicted. What problems plagued the outwardly perfect upper class New Yorkers of the late 19th century? In The House of Mirth, Lily Bart is torn between her innate morals and desires and the route that she has been taught to take by public opinion, while in The Age of Innocence, Ellen Olenska and Newland Archer are thrown into turmoil, at times resenting the constraints and petty troubles of their society and at other times bowing willingly to its guiding hand. In studying the conflicts, it is possible to see the restrictive nature and other aspects of both cultures -their ideals, the role of women, and their outlook on matters such as marriage and divorce. Since both rebels are members of the societies they criti cise, readers are able to regard society from the inside as well as the outside, as they mull over societal norms. Throughout the novels, the reader is made to take cognizance of past and future events to feel the impact of a particular line or situation. Thus, Edith Wharton effectively uses dramatic irony to highlight one of the key issues in her novels-the clash between individual choice and societys unspoken rules. Marriage and Love If she did not marry him?  [1]  Lily Bart asks herself as she pursues Percy Gryce. She is supposedly sure of him and sure of herself  [2]  , but the if  [3]  in her mind is the first indication of her departure from societys expectations. The dramatic irony lies in the fact that the reader is well aware that Lily actually has no desire to marry Percy Gryce, but Lily herself is unaware of this fact. Ultimately, her own irony  [4]  cuts deeper  [5]  for she is the one who wanted the marriage, and yet it is she who consciously drives Gryce away. This incident marks the beginning of the constant clash between what she wants to do and what she is expected to do. Lilys question after she loses Gryce-What wind of folly had driven her out again on those dark seas?  [6]  is ironic because the wind of folly  [7]  is none other than herself. The metaphor also reveals the frivolity of society, as the journey of life without the comfort of money and a husband is consid ered dark seas  [8]  . It portrays the extent of the womens dependence on men. The issue of marriage arises once more when Rosedale asks for Lilys hand during her exclusion from society. Lily has to stop and consider that, in the stress of her other anxieties, as a breathless fugitive may have to pause at the cross-roads and try to decide coolly which turn to take.  [9]  The simile brings out the tension in the situation and there is a clear conflict between Lilys intuitive repugnance  [10]  and years of social discipline  [11]  . Ironically, it was earlier Rosedale who was dependant on Lily to give him a permit into society. the power of society is highlighted here-it can make or break a person. Rosedale eventually rejects Lily, as in the time that passes between his proposal and her answer, he had mounted nearer to the goal, while she had lost the power to abbreviate the remaining steps of the way.  [12]  Achieving a position in society is represented as a dest ination; the steps represent the progress of characters. The importance of social standing is brought out and the unexpected turn of events creates irony since the reader is able to compare Lilys desperation with her previous dismissal of Rosedale. Lily realizes this, and completes Rosedales remark of Then you thought you could do better; now-Ë ®Ã‚  [13]  with You think you can?  [14]  . The sharp dramatic irony shows Lilys descent in society and the materialistic attitudes of people. They are willing to give second priority to love and friendship for the sake of appearances. The caesura shows that Rosedale is ashamed of the shallowness that he is now a part of. In a twist of cosmic irony, it is the person she snubs who helps her in her time of need. When Lily visits Selden, she smiles, recognizing the irony in the situation. Then she had planned to marry Percy Gryce-what was it she was planning now?  [15]  The reader can note the similarity in Lilys situation now an d a year ago-marriage is her only way out, and she is standing in Seldens living room. The reader wonders if she will finally bow to the dictates of society and marry Rosedale or tread her own path. Throughout the course of the book, Lily also struggles with the feelings that she has for Selden, a man not rich enough and who does not care enough about high society to be of value in Lilys social climb. They share a conversation, and Selden passes his judgement on Lilys pursuit of Gryce and all the things she is striving for through it-money, name and a social life. She sums up: Then the best you can say for me is, that after struggling to get them I probably shant like them?  [16]  What a miserable future you foresee for me!  [17]  In a cruel twist of dramatic irony, his words foreshadow Lilys future. Selden is seen as an intuitive character who can see through Lilys ambitions. He foresaw that I should grow hateful to myself!  [18]  she tells Gerty Farish. Lilys true char acter is revealed through her exclamation. She grows disillusioned with the shallow, materialistic life her friends lead. This is seen again as she sets up a comparison between Gryce and Selden at the dinner table. Wharton brings out the irony of the situation by highlighting a fact, which the reader is well aware of: it is this comparison which is her undoing  [19]  . The pull towards Selden that Lily feels distracts her from the task of marrying Gryce, which ultimately leaves her alone, and penniless. Lilys walk with Rosedale become symbolic in the light of her earlier walk with Selden, which represented an irresistible flight from just such a climax as the present excursion was designed to bring about  [20]  . Lily herself points out the ironic contrast to her present situation  [21]  , thus creating dramatic irony. Ultimately, it is with a kind of tragic irony that Selden resolves to declare his love to her the day after she dies, thinking, It was strange that it had not come to his lips sooner-that he had let her pass from him the evening before without being able to speak it. But what did that matter, now that a new day had come? It was not a word for twilight, but for the morning.  [22]   The theme of forbidden love runs through The Age of Innocence as well, in which Ellen and Archer fall in love despite Archers engagement and consequent marriage to Ellens cousin, May. This is first foreshadowed when Archer muses on Ellens alleged relationship with her husbands secretary, thinking that Rich and idle and ornamental societies must produce many more such situations; and there might even be one in which a woman naturally sensitive and aloof would yet, from the force of circumstances, from sheer defencelessness and loneliness, be drawn into a tie inexcusable by conventional standards.  [23]  As the reader knows, but Archer does not, this is exactly what happens between Archer and Ellen later on in the novel. The author uses this thought of Archers to compare New York society to European ones and indirectly comment on it. The adjectives rich and idle and ornamental  [24]  also describe New York society, while naturally sensitive and aloof  [25]  characterize Ell en. The sentence provides some justification for the relationship that is to develop between the two characters, so that the reader is able to see their side as well as societys. May at first refuses to hasten her and Archers wedding, giving him a chance to leave her. May is the typical young New York woman, and the fact that it is her telling Archer that, when two people really love each other  [26]  , there may be situations which make it right that they should-should go against public opinion  [27]  adds a flash of situational irony to the omniscient dramatic. May is speaking of Mrs. Thorley Rushworth, an older woman with whom Archer had had an affair. Tension is created when she does not mention names, simply referring to two people  [28]  , but Archer and the reader initially believe that May has guessed about Ellen, for the advice is well-suited to Ellen and Archers situation. There is a hidden criticism of society in this ironic sentence, for although May says tha t society bends its rules for true love, it does not in the case of Ellen and Archer, choosing instead to send Ellen out of its tight circles. Archer uses Mays refusal to implore Ellen to throw conventions away and be with him. Shes refused; that gives me the right-Ë ®Ã‚  [29]  he begins, but Ellen cuts him off to strike him, as well as the reader, with a sharp bolt of dramatic irony. Ah, youve taught me what an ugly word that is,  [30]  she says, reminding the reader of Archers staunch adherence to conventions when he convinces her not to get a divorce although she has a right to, by saying that though legislation favours divorce, social customs dont.  [31]  This once again brings out the idea of a parliament governed by society, as well as old New Yorks attitude towards divorce. Ellen evidently understands New Yorkers better than one of their own. Finally, Archer meets Ellen alone a few years after they part. They sit at a restaurant, close together and safe and sh ut in; yet so chained to their separate destinies that they might as well have been half the world apart.  [32]  Although their literal propinquity is apparent, Wharton reminds the reader that they are in completely different worlds figuratively. The verb chained  [33]  suggests unwillingness on both parts, while also hinting at the power that society holds over the individual. This type of dramatic irony, known as tragic irony, is drawn out yet again when Archer and Ellen sit next to each other in Mays brougham and interwoven with cosmic irony: The precious moments were slipping away, but he had forgotten everything that he had meant to say to her and could only helplessly brood on the mystery of their remoteness and their proximity, which seemed to be symbolised by the fact of their sitting so close to each other, and yet being unable to see each others faces.  [34]  This sentence serves as an explanation of Whartons technique. She uses symbolism to convey Archer and E llens predicament. The words remoteness  [35]  and proximity  [36]  are contrasting, highlighting the frustration and sorrow of the characters circumstances. Ellen too adds to the tragic irony, saying, Were near each other only if we stay far from each other.  [37]  This paradox also helps to bring out the almost ridiculous wretchedness of the moment. The Struggle within the Character The conflict between the individual and society is in part caused by the battle between two sides of Lilys character. While one part of her lusts after the money and power associated with New Yorks elite, another part of her yearns to be free from the clutches of materialism. At first, Selden is only aware that the qualities distinguishing her from the herd of her sex were chiefly external: as though a fine glaze of beauty and fastidiousness had been applied to vulgar clay.  [38]  The simile shows Lilys superficiality and artificiality. Ironically, Lilys the reader soon recognizes difference is on the inside rather than the outside, when she voluntarily strays from the beaten path of marriage and comfort. Lily is also compared to an orchid when she works with a charitable organization. All this was in the natural order of things, and the orchid basking in its artificially created atmosphere could round the delicate curves of its petals undisturbed by the ice on the panes.  [39]   This, unfortunately, does not hold true for her. There is some verbal irony in the metaphor, but it is the dramatic irony that comes through strongest, for Lily, unlike the orchid, does not survive untouched much longer. She has been feeling, and will continue to feel the burden of poverty. The metaphor also reflects the nature of society, for it is also like the orchid, untouched by reality and unable to see anything beyond its world. Wharton employs symbolism to unfurl the dramatic irony, as Lily decides to marry Gryce and thus enter inner societial circles, but thinks that her friends had earlier symbolized what she was gaining, now they stood for what she was giving up.  [40]  This disillusionment is further developed when Lily also feels a vague sense of failure, of an inner isolation  [41]  , and continues throughout the novel. Although Lily herself hardly knew what she had been seeking  [42]  , the reader realizes that she desires freedom from societys constra ints as she later refuses to be tied down by marriage despite having to remain poor and ostracized. The theme of freedom is touched upon here. Newland Archer too displays a rebellious streak, which is seen first when he visits Ellens home, although he thinks that she ought to know that a man whos just engaged doesnt spend his time calling on married women  [43]  . This is also the beginning of the irresistible pull that Ellen and Archer feel towards each other. The author also comments that, if Archer had cared to look within himself, he would have found there the wish that his wife should be as wordly-wise and as eager to please as the married lady whose charms had held his fancy  [44]  . Ironically, Ellen comes through as wordly-wise  [45]  and eager to please  [46]  , and not his real wife, May. The love between Ellen and Archer is foreshadowed at the opening of the novel. When Archer enters the florists, he sees a cluster of yellow roses. He had never seen any as sun-golden before, and his first impulse was to send them to May instead of the lilies. But they did not look like her-there was something too rich, too strong, in their fiery beauty.  [47]  He instead sends them to Ellen and his impulsive action foreshadows his attraction towards Ellen. Therefore, the flowers become symbols, the roses standing for Ellen and the lilies, with their purity and innocence, May. Archer feels that Nothing about his betrothed pleased him more than her resolute determination to carry to its utmost limit that ritual of ignoring the unpleasant in which they had both been brought up.  [48]  Dramatic irony is created as he later comes to resent her exactly for this. When she warns him to close the window, saying, Youll catch your death.  [49]  , Archer recognizes the irony in her words and thinks, But Ive caught it already. I am dead-Ive been dead for months and months.  [50]  Archers change in beliefs shows his character development; he now feels the monotony of a society that cannot face reality. In yet another case of dramatic irony, Janey, Archers sister, is in the dark about past events. Immediately after Archer unsuccessfully attempts to persuade Ellen to marry him since May refuses to pre-pone the wedding, he receives a telegram from May agreeing to postpone the wedding. Archer realizes the twist of fate and throws back his head with a long laugh.  [51]  Janeys question, But, dearest, why do you keep on laughing?  [52]  further emphasises the irony by repeated references to his laughter. The Direct Conflict with Society Ultimately, Lily finds herself cast out of societal circles. Her destitution is ominously foreshadowed from the very beginning of the novel. Lawrence Selden is struck with the irony of suggesting to her such a life as his cousin Gertrude Farish had chosen  [53]  . It is impossible to imagine this sybarite as anything but rich. The reader, however, recognizes a different kind of irony-dramatic-for Lily does later lead a life even worse than the lonely, poverty-stricken Gertrude Farishs. However, her real troubles begin when she receives The Dorsets invitation to go abroad with them  [54]  . Although it seems to come as an almost miraculous release from crushing difficulties;  [55]  , it is but a precursor to even greater difficulties. Lily does not yet know this, but the reader does. The same type of irony can be seen in the narrators comment that The fact that the money freed her temporarily from all minor obligations obscured her sense of the greater one it represented.à ‚  [56]  Lily later falls into debt and social disgrace due to her borrowing from Gus Trenor. When Lily returns to Bertha immediately before Bertha accuses her of having an affair with George Dorset, she is more than ever alarmed at the possible consequences of her long absence.  [57]  Ironically, Lily innocently fears for Mrs. Dorsets reputation, when it is her own she should care for. There is some situational irony as well, since the reader also expects Bertha to be afraid for her reputation, but she is in full command of her usual attenuated elegance  [58]  . Pity for Lily is created, as her kind nature shines through, while Bertha is seen to be cunning and false. Dà ©nouement-isnt that too big a word for such a small incident?  [59]  she asks, little knowing that the incident is big enough for the word, while the reader shares this knowledge with Bertha. Berthas remark to Lily, I suppose I ought to say good morning  [60]  holds dramatic irony as the reader is informed that it is the day Lily is to be thrown out of her friends good graces. The author points this out through the phrase with a faint touch of irony  [61]  prior to Berthas sentence. Once again, Berthas malicious nature comes across. Lily finally finds herself probing the very depths of insignificance  [62]  and courting the approval of people she had disdained under other conditions  [63]  . Lily Bart, once a figure to arrest even the suburban traveller rushing to his last train  [64]  and create a general sense of commotion  [65]  by her mere presence, has been reduced to an inconspicuous speck. The reader is fully able to appreciate the tragic irony of the novels conclusion through the stark contrast. Ellen Olenska clashes with the highly conventional New York setting from her arrival as she brings with her odd European ways and the scandal of having left her husband. Oh centuries and centuries; so long, she says at first, that Im sure Im dead and buried, and this dear old place is heaven;  [66]  Although she does not know it yet, New York turns out to be anything but heaven for Ellen later on as her ideals and lifestyle constantly clash with the conformist society. Ellens comment shows her to be a very liberal woman, expecting a society rooted in traditions to forget its differences with her, and creates some curiosity about her. Archer warns her, with a flash of sarcasm  [67]  , that New Yorks an awfully safe place  [68]  , but she takes him literally. The reader is able to discern his meaning, being aware of her subsequent exclusion from society. Ellen is evidently very innocent, emphasised by her exclamation on New York: If you knew how I like it for just that-the straight-up-and-downness, and the big honest labels on everything!  [69]  Little does she realize that most things remain unspoken here, such as the ritual of ignoring the unpleasant  [70]  . When Ellen finally realizes this, she admits, New York simply meant peace and freedom to me: it was coming home.  [71]  , but the reader is able to appreciate the dramatic irony in the narrators comment: simple-hearted kindly New York, on whose larger charity she had apparently counted, was precisely the place where she could least hope for indulgence  [72]  . Ellen also believes that she is conforming to American ideas in asking for her freedom.  [73]  However, American ideas are the opposite of this, as society is aghast at her desire for a divorce. There is no freedom for the women of New York, and the standing that a marriage brings is esteemed. Initially, Archer too expresses his forward thinking through his violent I hope she will!  [74]  , but he is later the one who convinces her not to go ahead with it, saying our legislation favours divorce-our social customs dont.  [75]  The power that society holds over even an open-minded man and womens lack of freedom is manifest here. When the van der Luydens host Ellens welcoming party, Archer notices a number of the recalcitrant couples who had declined to meet her at Mrs. Lovell Mingotts.  [76]  Only when an influential family supports Ellen, society rallies behind her. Its hypocrisy and shallowness is observable here, and also in Mr. van der Luydens remark: its hopeless to expect people who are accustomed to the European courts to troubles themselves about our little republican distinctions.  [77]  Absurdly, this is exactly what they expect of Ellen as can be seen throughout the novel, from the time she is persuaded to remain married until the time she is sent out of New York. At one point, Mrs. Welland wonders, I wonder what her fate will be?  [78]  Archer adds the irony by remin ding the reader of what her fate actually becomes towards the end of the novel: What weve all contrived to make it  [79]  . Lawrence Lefferts had once remarked, our children will be marrying Beauforts bastards.  [80]  Archers son marries Fanny Beaufort, who had appeared in New York at eighteen, after the death of her parents, had won its heart much as Madame Olenska had won it thirty years earlier; only instead of being distrustful and afraid of her, society took her joyfully for granted. She was pretty, amusing and accomplished: what more did anyone want? Nobody was narrow-minded enough to take a rake up against her the half-forgotten facts of her fathers past and her own origin. Only the older people remembered so obscure an incident in the business life of New York  

Survival Story *not Really A Research Paper Its A Creative Story*

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This isn’t happening. Things like this don’t happen to people like me. I sit on a log and look up at the canopy of trees hovering over me. I glance around, seeing only other confused faces glance at me. It’s quiet. The loudest quiet I’ve ever heard. My head floods with thought and I close my eyes, pushing back frantic images. I inhale my surroundings, trying desperately to make sense of the silent riot occurring all around me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My attention is drawn to a noise. My eyes wander, searching for the source. It sounds like the cry of a small animal; it sounds too familiar to be dangerous. It becomes louder and I recognize the innocent scream. I rise from the dead stump and hurry towards the sound. It has stopped but still it echoes in my mind. A bright whiteness washes over me and I find myself sitting uncomfortably in my adjustable seat. A newspaper sits in my lap but I’m too anxious to notice. Something is wrong, I can sense it. My ears perk up at an obnoxious noise. It sounds like the cry of a small animal. Aside from my aisle is an infant. A smile runs across my face, hiding my fear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My feet strike the ground, launching me faster heading for the sound. Finally I reach it, almost wishing I hadn’t. Here lies a mother, child in hand and a red stream flowing down her lifeless face. The bundle in her arms screams again, snapping me back into reality. Taking the infant in my arms, I silently pray for our survival. I retreat to the small clearing to find the same glances staring back at me. I take a glimpse, surveying the scattered items laying on the earthy floor. I see a small first aid kit lying open by a sapling. It is empty except for a roll of white gauze. I take it in my hands, swiftly wrapping it around the small child and hoping the warmth of the thin fabric will turn purple lips back to a healthy hue. I hold the newborn to my chest and wrap it further in my own clothes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We’ll never make it.† A nameless voice utters, stabbing the silence. I glance up and glare at the thought. â€Å"It’s too cold, we have no supplies. We’ll never make it.† He repeats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ignoring the obvious truth I recall the items I carried with me on the flight. Things useless every day, but now could determine life or death. A small pocket knif... ...ght, illuminating her round face with the artificial glow. Pulling the bottle out of my coat pocket, I curl my fingers around the cap and rotate it. With a few turns the cap falls into my palm. I put the rim to Olivia’s small lips and slowly tilt the bottle, allowing her to sip the warm milk. Suddenly, I was joined by the woman. There she was again, her face lit up with the glow of the fire. Her beauty almost made me forget everything that was happening. She has a devilish grin on her face and her eyes twinkled in delight. â€Å"After that dinner I’m sure everyone would prefer something sweeter.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My expression turns to confusion. â€Å"What do you mean?† I ask.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Under her coat she holds a box. I can’t think of what it is until I read the label. â€Å"Hershey’s?† I ask with a smile on my face. â€Å"Where did you find these?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I was going to save them for myself,† she explains, â€Å"but there are enough to share.† Her smile was warm enough to allow me to forget the cold weather. I become distracted by Olivia’s quiet gurgling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking into her deep brown eyes I find the hope to survive.

Engaging Generation Y Employees Essay

The ability of employees to combine their commitment to the organization and the organization’s values and to work hand in hand with the other team members creating a comfortable work place that lifts up their morale to competently perform their duties is referred to as employee engagement (Bullivant 2005). These efforts enable employees to make decisions that cater for the success of the organization creating a strong bond between the employees and the organization. The virtue of self confidence and trust to the organization is developed as employees categorize themselves, as core members of the organization. Assets and resources provided by the organization are efficiently used and taken care of in an attempt of securing the future of the organization. Although employee engagement has been studied for a long period of time, its implementation seems difficult as the concept behind it has not been fully understood by employees and employers. The attempt of including employee engagement into the education curriculum has also not been successful (Bullivant 2005). The change in industrial relations has lead to the increased need of organizations to recruit an engaged workforce that assures the development of the organization. The upcoming generation Y that occupies about 40 % of the employment sector in Europe has raised concerns in their performance capability (Bullivant 2005). Employers complain about their inquisitive attitude towards the workplace culture which is not replicated into their work output. To overcome this hurdle generation Y has devised motivational schemes that help them to form an engaged workforce. A change in the order of preference between the public sectors and the private sectors is evident in this generation as a higher percentage has been employed in the public sectors comparing with the percentage of generation X and boom that are employed in the public sector (Townsend & Gebhardt 2007). Generation Y attributes job stability in the public sectors as the security of employment is enhanced. Generation Y comprises individuals that are still growing financially and require stability in employment to enable them fulfil their needs. Generation Y also associates public sectors with the ability of enhancing good employment relationship that links the employer to the employees by providing a balance between work and the personal life of the generation. In the public sectors opportunities for career development training are unending and are also provided outside work hours resulting to a quick progression of employees, because of the fairly well defined career path. This organizational culture attracts generation Y to work in the public sector, fully formulating an engaged workforce (Cook 2008). A plethora of campaigns wants the inclusion of generation Y into political activities thus increasing the desire of the generation towards politics. Public sectors provide opportunities that advocate for the development of the community to improve their welfare by improving the economic status (Milner 2000). This prevails an opportunity for the generation to actively be involved with the community and thus create better opportunities of winning their votes during political rallies. Also the recognition of their views by third party organizations results to a good development of their reputation especially since they are the future generation. Public sectors offer an attractive sum of money in their entry points thus encouraging generation Y to be fully engaged in the fundamental functions of the sector which leads to the growth of the sector and increase in the profit margins (Terry 2000). Problem statement The economy of Europe has seen its better taste in the 21st century as it has steadily grown, however due to the economic stability that the world is facing Business Secretary John Hutton of Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR) has announced a review on the importance of employee engagement in the performance capability of British organizations (BERR 2008). The role undertaken by the public sector which mainly comprises the government and local authority departments in engaging generation Y employees aged between 27 years and below needs to recognize the generation as valuable assets to the organizations. The public sector needs to invest more on the generation by devising mechanisms which will advocate creation of an engaged workforce that will be more beneficial towards the performance of the sector. Therefore, this proposal will formulate strategies that will engage generation Y employees in public sector and recommendations of the evaluation criterion to be used (BERR 2008). Significance of the study (practical and ethical issue) Organizations that strive to invest in their employees so as to improve their skills and engagement usually have big profit margins which depicts a positive growth of the organization. Therefore this study is congruent in fulfilling the research objectives depicted in the problem statement as it will advocate for the establishment of business environments that will encourage employee engagement. This will help the public sector to view the employees as valuable assets thus creating an employment relationship that is long lasting. Hence this study will identify strategic measures to be implemented during employee engagement processes to help improve the productivity level of the British sector. The study will also explain the benefits British industry will attain in regards to the UK business competitiveness which depicts a progression career path for the employees. The study advocates for the abolishment of trade regulation and market barriers that affect the capability of the public sectors to stipulate policies which would help them ensure employee engagement. The study also encourages adoption of the practice by outlining the achievements of employee engagement. The study will also correlate employment engagement with business ethical behaviour that are in accordance to human, economic and social norms through the use of compliance programs that help to implement the stipulated government policies and regulations to govern the behaviour of team members in organizations. Literature review Statistics show that employee engagement creates a workforce that works with passion as it find a profound connection to the organization it is working for, resulting to the accomplishment of the organization’s policies which include the mission, vision, goals and objectives. The functions of the organization, customer service, and cost of production and marketing processes are advocated by the personal growth and unification of the common goal because of employee engagement (Bullivant 2005). A flexible organization culture that involves inclusion of team members in decision making, training programs to improve the competence of the team members and the incentive pay systems are supported by incorporation of employee engagement (Bullivant 2005). Organizations that advocate employee engagement have the advantage of retaining their employees as approximately 13% are likely to seek other employment opportunities (Milner 2000). Therefore, the need for government departments to review the importance of employee engagement in the performance capability of British organizations has increased (Bullivant 2005). To enable the public sector to engage generation Y employees they should re-evaluate their work culture to help improve employment relationship that exists between the sector and its employees. This will help the managers of the sector to value the rights of the employees and devise strategies that will lead to the respect and provision of their rights such as sick offs and company infringements. This will enable employee engagement to prevail, as the employees will connect with the managers of the sector improving their correlation (Tamara 2008). Management communication will help to spell out the functions of each team members and regularly evaluate the performance of the organization in regards to the work output of each employee. Trust and integrity will prevail as the team members will freely air their comments and grievances to a listening ear, thus helping the development of employee engagement (Fitz-Enz 2009). This will help the sector to effectively distribute their duties in accordance to the capability of generation Y thus improving their work performance. An instance where the team members will look after the welfare of the others will crop up as team work will be depicted. Through management communication the managers of the sector will be able to recognize the effort of the team members rewarding them accordingly through provision of benefits and promotion schemes which will lead to career development. This will result to retention of the dynamic generation Y employees who will take pride in the sector and thus maximize their capabilities to also develop the sector (Cheese, Thomas & Craig 2008). Offering training programs that will help the employees to understand the sector’s vision, ethics and improve their competence should be among the strategies the mangers of the public sector will use to engage generation Y employees. These programs will help the employees to increase their self confidence and knowledge thus adhering to the ethical codes stipulated by the policies of the public sector (Johnson & CIPD 2004). The managers of the sector will also attend training programs that will help them to learn strategies, values and tactics that will help them in the engagement of generation Y employees into the public sector. This will further increase the credibility of the sector as employment engagement will improve the reputation of the sector thus marketing it. The sector will also increase its scope of customers and thus strive in the stiff competition presented by the private sector (Pinnington, Macklin & Campbell 2007). Research design The research methodology used in this study will measure on the generality and applicability of engaging generation Y employees in the public sector to improve the British industry. Action research that identifies the problem of this study in the existing business practice will be used, as solutions that will be immediately incorporated into the business plan and organization culture of the public sector will result. The study will also rely on the historical perspective of the study problem to help determine the success and failures of previous attempt in engaging generation Y employees in the public sector. The scope of the research will be controlled by the information availed by library and field research. The information collected will be ordered in a descriptive manner to effectively elaborate issues that correlate with the study problems.

Hotel-Booking Market - 1131 Words

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Online channels recently include d social-networking services Facebook and Twitter take a majority share of the web-advertising market. Second portion of that share is still spent for ads on search sites. With major decline in money spent on TV campaigns, Priceline is one of the companies still heavily vested in TV ads and continues to use that promotion channel to raise brand awareness. Also, in 2013 TripAdvisor, the hotel reviews site, started to broadcast its first TV advertisement in the US proving thatShow MoreRelatedOnline Hotel Booking And Customer Satisfaction Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesOnline hotel booking and Customer Satisfaction Introduction: The basic reason for the tourism is emerged from the pressure of working pressure, therefore to release the stress; people usually go for travelling preferably to abroad depends on the income level of tourist and destination point. 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